Exam Reviews
Physiology
II - PB 3325
Course
Director: Mrs. Kay Brashear
STUDY
GUIDE
LAB QUIZ 3
LAB
EXERCISE VIII
Cardiovascular
adaptations to isotonic exercise
1. What is the difference between moderate and severe
isotonic exercise?
1.Moderate
exercise is defined as a 40% increase in
heart rate. It is designed to
illustrate the changes that occur with slight increase in skeletal muscle
metabolism
and a low level mass sympathetic response.
Severe exercise is defined as a % of the maximum heart rate. It
is designed
to illustrate the effect of a significant increase in skeletal muscle
metabolism and
temperature regulation as well as an increase in the mass sympathetic response.
2. Be able to answer the
questions related to isotonic exercise.
1. Was
there any difference in the diastolic blood pressure data between moderate
isotonic and severe isotonic exercise? If yes, explain the difference. Usually
diastolic blood pressure does not change significantly with moderate isotonic
exercise. It may remain the same or increase or decrease 5 - 10 mm.
Hg. With
severe isotonic exercise the significant increase in blood flow to the skeletal
muscles and to the skin (cooling) will cause the TPR to decrease. The
rapid flow of
blood from the heart to the periphery will cause diastolic pressure to
drop. The
drop is variable and may mild to quite significant ( 40 - 50 mmHg.)
2. Was there any difference in the peripheral
resistance data between moderate
isotonic and severe isotonic exercise. If yes, why? At the
beginning of exercise
TPR increases to a
greater extent in severe isotonic
because the mass sympathetic
response is
greater. However, at the end of
the exercise what may be seen is a
decrease in TPR
as a result of temperature regulation and a
tremendous increase
in
blood flow to skeletal muscle. In the lab some will see the increase
at the end of
exercise and the decrease at the 5 minute recovery.
3. Did the mean arterial pressure change significantly
with either moderate or severe
exercise? Usually the MAP does not significantly change during
isotonic exercise.
It should remain about the same ( maybe slight inc. or dec.) with moderate isotonic.
With severe isotonic if the diastolic blood pressure drops significantly then
the
MAP may
actually decrease. This means that isotonic exercise is the exercise of
choice for
heart patients. The afterload remains normal or may actually decrease.
LAB
EXERCISE IX
Isometric
exercise
1. Be able to answer the questions related to
isometric exercise.
1.
Isometric exercise is quite different from isotonic. Isometric exercise
occurs for a
brief time and there is occluded blood flow through the muscle during
contraction.
Because of the output of receptors monitoring muscle tension and power
development the mass sympathetic response is much greater thant would be
expected for the level of exercise. The lack of a significant increase in
muscle
metabolism
and the occlusion of blood flow cause both the systolic and
diastolic
blood
pressure to increase and in some people at a much higher level than would be expected.
2.
Because the physiological changes are very much linked to the receptors in the
skeletal muscle as soon as tension develoment stops so does the mass
sympathetic response
and HR, TPR and BP go back to normal very quickly.
There
is no sustained metabolic
effect.
3. Mean arterial pressure increases with isometric exercise because both
systolic
and diastolic
pressures increase. This type of exercise is dangerous for heart
patients and
people who have hypertension.
4.
Which type of exercise had the largest pulse pressure? Look at the
two diagrams
in the lab manual. You will notice that isotonic exercise has the largest
pulse
pressure. Because diastolkic
and systolic pressures both increase during isometric
exercise the pusle
pressure changes very little.
5. What effect did the regulation of temperature and metabolic level of
skeletal
muscle have on TPR and blood pressure. Very little. A maximum or
near
maximum isometric contraction can only be held about one minute. Not much
increase in metabolism or heat generation.
6.
Was there a difference in systolic pressure recorded for severe isotonic
exercise
and severe isometric exercise. If the same person does the
experiment then it
would be expected that the systolic pressure during the severe isometric
exercise
would be much higher than systolic pressure during severe isotonic
exercise.
Skeletal
Muscle Control and Muscle Reflexes
1. What are
the characteristics of a reflex arc?
2. What is
the significance of using an agonist and an antagonist during muscle contraction?
3. How was
coactivation of an agonist and an antagonist muscle demonstrated in the lab?
4. Describe
a monsynaptic reflex. Be able to answer
the questions in the lab
manual
about the muscle stretch reflex conducted in the lab.
5. Flexor
withdrawal reflex and crossed extensor reflex:
a.
How do these reflexes differ from a monosynaptic reflex?
b.
Be able to answer the questions in the lab manual about the flexor
withdrawal
and the crossed extensor reflexes.
EXERCISE
X: Spirometry
1. Know the definitions of the lung volumes and
know the actual volumes in ml. or L.
2. Know the definitions of lung capacities and
know the actual volumes in ml. or L.
3. Know which volumes are combined to get
capacities.
4. Know the difference in how a Propper hand held
spirometer and the Biopac transducer works.
The
Propper spirometer can only measure air that is blown into the spirometer.
Inspiratory volumes and capacities cannot be
measured. This equipment also requires a little training to
get the
volumes correct. The Biopac transducer measures air flow. It
is much easier to use and much more accurate.
The
transducer will measure both inspiration and expiration. Times
respiratory tests can also be performed.
Lung
Volumes with Time
Use
the Spirogram in the lab manual:
1. Be able
to identify any lung volume or capacity on a spirogram like the one produced in
the lab.
2. Be able to give the volume in ml. or L of any
respiratory volume or capacity identified.
|
Volume
or Capacity |
Volume |
Definition |
|
Tidal
volume |
500
ml. |
Volume
of air exchanged in a normal inspiration and expiration |
|
Inspiratory
reserve volume |
2500 -
3000 ml. |
Air
that can be inspired above tidal volume |
|
Expiratory
reserve volume |
1200-1500
ml. |
Air
that can be expired beyond tidal volume |
|
Residual
volume |
1000 -
1200 ml. |
Air
that cannot be removed from the lungs |
|
Insipiratory
capacity |
|
A
combination of TV and IRV |
|
Functional
residual capacity |
|
A
combination of ERV and RV This is the volume of air that inhaled
air mixes with. |
|
Vital
Capacity |
4500
ml. |
A
combination of : |
|
FEVT |
|
The same as VC but is timed. Timed forced expiratory
volume. |
|
FEV1 |
|
The volume of air that can be removed in one second. |
|
Total
Lung Capacity |
5.8 -
6 liters |
The
total lung capacity includes not only VC but also the RV. |
3. Be able to identify the FEV1 and FEVT.
Know the significance of each.
Timed
respiratory tests are used to measure lung function. If compliance is
normal the both the total forced expiratory volume
and the
volume of air that can be removed in one second should be normal. With
lung disease these volumes change. See the
introduction to the
laboratory exercise in the lab manual.
RESPIRATORY
PROBLEMS AND CASE STUDIES
1. Know the
formulae and how to use them to solve problems.
Example: Can you
calculate how much oxygen can be transported by hemoglobin?
Can you calculate dissolved oxygen? total oxygen?
2. Know the difference between restrictive and
obstructive lung diseases and how these affect respiratory volumes and
capacities.
If you can
solve all of the case studies then you should be able to answer the questions
on the quiz. At this time, you should also know how much oxygen a gram of
hemoglobin can transport, how to use the hemoglobin saturation, etc.
The case
studies are a lab activity. Please ask the lab instructor to help if you
are having difficulties.
.
Copyright, Kay Brashear
and James B. Parker, Fall, 2006