Physiology
II - PB 3325
Course
Director: Mrs. Kay Brashear
Study Guide Exam 4
Chapter 38 PULMONARY CIRCULATION
1.
How does the pulmonary circulation differ structurally and functionally
from the systemic circulation?
2.
How do pulmonary vessel compliance and resistance compare with systemic
vessel compliance and resistance?
3.
Why does pulmonary vessel resistance decrease as the flow increases?
4.
What are the characteristics of pulmonary capillaries?
5.
What is the function of the bronchial circulation. What is its
origin
and where does it drain?
6.
Be able to compare pressures in the pulmonary circulation and the
systemic
circulation:
systolic,
diastolic, MAP, pulse pressure, etc.
7.
Know the local flow regulatory mechanism in the pulmonary
circulation.
What is hypoxic vasoconstriction?
8.
What is the role of the ANS in controlling pulmonary blood flow?
9.
Know the three zones of flow in the lung. How does exercise affect
flow?
Hydrostatic pressure?
10.
Know the effect of an increase in cardiac output on pressures in the
pulmonary
circulation.
11.
What is the effect of left atrial pressure on pulmonary circulation?
12.
How does pulmonary capillary dynamics differ from systemic capillary
dynamics?
Know
the four pressures, what causes them and how they affect capillary
function..
Know the significance of the -8 interstitial pressure.
13.
What are the causes of pulmonary edema? What is the difference
between
acute and chronic edema?
14.
What is pleural effusion?
Chapter 37 PULMONARY VENTILATION
1.
What are the "air conditioning" functions of the nasal cavity?
2.
Know the zones of the tracheobronchial tree. How does structure
change
from the trachea to the alveoli? What is a terminal respiratory
unit?
Where is anatomical space located?
3.
How is bronchial smooth muscle controlled? (ANS, humoral, local &
irritants)
4.
Negative pressure breathing:
Know
Boyle's law and how it related to breathing. Know the respiratory
pressures and how they influence inspiration and expiration:
pleural,
alveolar and transpulmonary pressures.
5.
Lung compliance: Know the average lung compliance. How does
lung compliance change with changing lung volume?
6.
What are the two factors that increase the tendency of lungs to
collapse?
(elasticity
and surface tension)
7.
What role does surfactant play in decreasing surface tension?
8.
In addition to a decrease in surface tension, what other factors
stabilize
alveoli?
9.
Work of Breathing or Respiration
Know the 3 types of work.
How do exercise and diseases affect work?
10.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities:
Know the definition and the volumes of all respiratory volumes and
capacities.
What is the significance of the FRC?
11.
What is MRV (minute respiratory volume)
Be able to calculate a MRV if given data.
12.
What is alveolar ventilation? VA
Be able to calculate alveolar ventilation if given data.
Chapter 39 Principles of Gas Exchange
1.
Know the significance of Dalton's Law. Given an atmospheric pressure,
could
you calculate a partial pressure of oxygen?
2.
Know Henry's Law. What are the two factors that determine the
pressure
of a dissolved gas?
Which
gas is more soluble, oxygen or carbon dioxide? How does this
solubility
affect the parial prssures of those gases in blood?
3.
At body temperature, what is the water vapor pressure of warmed and
fully
humidified air?
How
does the addition of humidified air affect the partial pressures of
gases
in a mixture?
4.
Why are the alveolar partial pressures stable at rest?
5.
What are the components of:
a. a respiratory unit
b. the respiratory membrane
6.
What is the diffusing capacity of the respiratory membrane? What
factors
determine diffusion through the respiratory membrane? How
does
exercise affect the diffusing capacity of the respiratory membrane?
7.
How much oxygen is transported each minute at rest to maintain resting
metabolism?
8.
What is the ventilation-perfussion ratio and why is it important?
a. What changes in the ratio will cause physiological dead space?
b. What changes in the ratio will cause a physiological shunt?
9.
Why is the ventilaiton-perfussion ratio not constant from the apex to
the
base of the lung?
Chapter 40 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Body Fluids
1.
Can you calculate dissolved oxygen if given the pressure? (.003
ml.
of oxygen for each mm. Hg. partial pressure)
2.
Can you calculate oxygen transported by hemoglobin if given the
saturation
and the grams of hemoglobin? (1.34 ml. oxygen/gram of
hemoglobin)
3.
Know the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the following
locations:
alveolus
arterial blood
interstitial space
cellular level (tissues)
venous blood
4.
What is the oxygen transport at 100% saturation and 15 grams of
hemoglobin?
5.
Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve:
a. What is the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and
the saturation
of hemoglobin?
b. What is the relationship between the saturation of hemoglobin and
oxygen
transport?
c. What factors will shift the curve? What is the Bohr effect?
d. How does a shift in the curve affect the affinity that hemoglobin
has
for oxygen?
How does a change in affinity for oxygen affect oxygen release at the
tissues
and oxygen
binding at the lung?
6.
What is partial pressure of oxygen required at the cellular level to
maintain
resting metabolism?
7.
What are the three mechanisms for carbon dioxide transport from the
cells
to the lungs?
8.
What is the Haldane effect? How does the Haldane effect change
carbon
dioxide diffusion at the lungs and at the tissues?
9.Hypoventilation
and hyperventilation:
a. How do changes in breathing rate affect the plasma partial pressure
of carbon dioxide?
b. How do changes in breathing rate affect the pH?
10.
What is the respiratory quotient? What determines the respiratory
quotient?
Copyright, Kay Brashear and James B. Parker, 1999